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<h1>01-MySQL简述</h1>

<div><span><div style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%;"><h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1. MySQL架构：客户端/服务器</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><u style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">MySQL</u>服务器程序和客户端程序本质上都是计算机上的一个进程，服务器程序的进程也被称为MySQL数据库实例：</p>
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<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">服务器进程的默认名称为mysqld</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">客户端进程的默认名称为mysql</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2. MySQL安装目录中bin目录下的可执行文件</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在MySQL的安装目录下有一个特别特别重要的bin目录，该目录下存放着许多可执行文件，包括：服务器程序启动文件，客户端程序启动文件等</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-1 启动MySQL服务器程序</h4>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">2-1-1  类unix系统中启动服务器程序</h5>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">mysqld</strong><br/>
这个程序代表着mysql的服务器程序，运行这个可执行文件可以直接启动一个服务器进程（win7，MySQL-5.6.34版本亲测无效），但这个命令不常用；</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">mysqld_safe</strong><br/>
mysqld_safe是一个启动脚本，它会间接调用mysqld，还会启动另外一个监控进程，这个监控进程在服务器进程挂了的时候，会帮助重启服务进程。另外，使用mysqld_safe启动服务器程序时，它会将服务器程序的出错信息和其他诊断信息重定向到某个文件中，产生出错误日志，这样可以方便我们发生错误的原因；</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">mysql.server</strong><br/>
mysql.server也是一个启动脚本，它会间接调用mysqld_safe，在调用mysql.server时，在后面指定start/stop参数可以启动/关停服务器程序：</p>
<pre style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; margin: 2px 0 8px; background-color: #f5f7f8;"><code style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; background: #1e1e1e; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; letter-spacing: -.3px; padding: 18px; color: #f4f4f4; white-space: pre-wrap;">mysql.service    start/stop
</code></pre>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">需要注意的是，<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">这个mysql.server 文件其实是一个链接文件，它的实际文件是 ../support-files/mysql.server</strong>。macOS操作系统会帮我们在bin目录下自动创建一个指向实际文件的链接文件，如果你的操作系统没有帮你自动创建这个链接文件，那就自己创建一个呗；</p>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">mysqld_multi</strong><br/>
mysqld_multi可执行文件可以对每一个服务器进程的启动或停止进行监控；</p>
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</ul>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">2-1-2  Windows系统中启动服务器程序</h5>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">以服务的方式运行服务器程序<br/>
当我们把服务器程序注册为一个Windows服务时，操作系统会帮助我们管理它，计算机启动时会启动该服务，Mysql5.7之后，服务注册，启动的方式和之前的版本稍有不同，Mysql5.7版本之后，mysql安装目录下没有data目录，需要手动初始化，具体操作过程如下：</p>
<pre style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; margin: 2px 0 8px; background-color: #f5f7f8;"><code style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; background: #1e1e1e; line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; border: 0; border-radius: 0; letter-spacing: -.3px; padding: 18px; color: #f4f4f4; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. 配置MYSQL_HOME环境变量
2. 初始化data目录：mysqld   --initialize[-insecure]
3. 将服务器程序注册为服务：mysqld --install [-manual] [服务名]
4. 启动mysql服务器程序：net start mysql
注：
a. mysqld --install [-manual] [服务名]：其中的-manual可以省略，加上它的话表示在Windows系统启动的时候不自动启动该服务，否则会自动启动。服务名也可以省略，默认的服务名就是MySQL；
b. mysqld   --initialize[-insecure]：需要注意的是该命令只能在data目录不存在时才能执行，如果加上-insecure会自动生成一个无密码的root用户，如果不加会生成一个随机密码的用户，密码可以在data目录下的.err文件中查看。
c. 设置密码：set password for root@localhost=password('')
</code></pre>
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<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">其他常用命令（包含Windows命令行）：<br/>
sc query mysql 查看mysql注册服务信息<br/>
sc delete mysql 删除mysql注册服务（执行前最好先停掉mysql服务）</p>
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</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">3. MySQL客户端程序和服务器程序间的通信方式</h3>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">3-1 TCP/IP协议</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">真实环境中，数据库服务器进程和客户端进程可能运行在不同的主机中，它们之间必须通过网络来进行通讯。MySQL采用TCP作为服务器和客户端之间的网络通信协议；<br/>
MySQL服务器启动的时候会默认申请3306端口号，之后就在这个端口号上等待客户端进程进行连接，用书面一点的话来说，MySQL服务器会默认监听3306端口；<br/>
如果3306端口号已经被别的进程占用了或者我们单纯的想自定义该数据库实例监听的端口号，那我们可以在启动服务器程序的命令行里添加-P参数来明确指定一下端口号：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">服务器启动：mysqld -P[port]<br/>
客户端连接：mysql -h[ip address] -u[username] -P[port] -p[password]</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">3-2 windows系统特有方式</h4>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">3-2-1 命名管道</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">启动服务器程序的命令中加上参数：--enable-named-pipe<br/>
启动客户端程序的命令中加上参数：--pipe或者--protocol=pipe</p>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">3-2-2 共享内存</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">启动服务器程序的命令中加上参数：--shared-memory<br/>
启动客户端程序的命令中加上参数：--protocol=memory</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在使用共享内存的方式进行通信的服务器进程和客户端进程必须在同一台Windows主机中，在成功启动服务器后，共享内存便成为本地客户端程序的默认连接方式。所以启动客户端时，可以省略参数</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">3-3 类unix系统特有方式——Unix域套接字文件</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如果我们的服务器进程和客户端进程都运行在同一台操作系统为类Unix的机器上的话，我们可以使用Unix域套接字文件来进行进程间通信。如果我们在启动客户端程序的时候指定的主机名为localhost，或者指定了--protocol=socket的启动参数，那服务器程序和客户端程序之间就可以通过Unix域套接字文件来进行通信了。MySQL服务器程序默认监听的Unix域套接字文件路径为/tmp/mysql.sock，客户端程序也默认连接到这个Unix域套接字文件。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">启动客户端程序的命令中加上参数：--protocol=socket</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">启动服务器程序时可以改变默认的unix域套接字文件路径：<br/>
mysqld --socket=/tmp/my.txt</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">这样服务器启动后便会监听/tmp/a.txt。在服务器改变了默认的UNIX域套接字文件后，如果客户端程序想通过UNIX域套接字文件进行通信的话，也需要显式的指定连接到的UNIX域套接字文件路径：<br/>
mysql -hlocalhost -uroot --socket=/tmp/my.txt -p</p>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">4. 服务器处理客户端请求</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><img src="01-MySQL简述_files/1.jpg" type="image/jpeg" data-filename="1.jpg"/></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">4-1 连接管理</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">客户端进程可以采用我们上边介绍的TCP/IP、命名管道或共享内存、Unix域套接字这几种方式之一来与服务器进程建立连接，每当有一个客户端进程连接到服务器进程时，服务器进程都会创建一个线程来专门处理与这个客户端的交互，当该客户端退出时会与服务器断开连接，服务器并不会立即把与该客户端交互的线程销毁掉，而是把它缓存起来，在另一个新的客户端再进行连接时，把这个缓存的线程分配给该新客户端。这样就起到了不频繁创建和销毁线程的效果，从而节省开销。从这一点大家也能看出，MySQL服务器会为每一个连接进来的客户端分配一个线程，但是线程分配的太多了会严重影响系统性能，所以我们也需要限制一下可以同时连接到服务器的客户端数量</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">4-2 解析与优化</h4>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">4-2-1 查询缓存</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">MySQL服务器程序处理查询请求会把刚刚处理过的查询请求和结果缓存起来，如果下一次有一模一样的请求过来，直接从缓存中查找结果就好了，就不用再傻呵呵的去底层的表中查找了。这个查询缓存可以在不同客户端之间共享，也就是说如果客户端A刚刚查询了一个语句，而客户端B之后发送了同样的查询请求，那么客户端B的这次查询就可以直接使用查询缓存中的数据。当然，MySQL服务器并没有人聪明，如果两个查询请求在任何字符上的不同（例如：空格、注释、大小写），都会导致缓存不会命中。另外，如果查询请求中包含某些系统函数、用户自定义变量和函数、一些系统表，如 mysql 、information_schema、 performance_schema 数据库中的表，那这个请求就不会被缓存。以某些系统函数举例，可能同样的函数的两次调用会产生不一样的结果，比如函数NOW，每次调用都会产生最新的当前时间，如果在一个查询请求中调用了这个函数，那即使查询请求的文本信息都一样，那不同时间的两次查询也应该得到不同的结果，如果在第一次查询时就缓存了，那第二次查询的时候直接使用第一次查询的结果就是错误的！不过既然是缓存，那就有它缓存失效的时候。MySQL的缓存系统会监测涉及到的每张表，只要该表的结构或者数据被修改，如对该表使用了INSERT、 UPDATE、DELETE、TRUNCATE TABLE、ALTER TABLE、DROP TABLE或 DROP DATABASE语句，那使用该表的所有高速缓存查询都将变为无效并从高速缓存中删除！</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">虽然查询缓存有时可以提升系统性能，但也不得不因维护这块缓存而造成一些开销，比如每次都要去查询缓存中检索，查询请求处理完需要更新查询缓存，维护该查询缓存对应的内存区域。从MySQL 5.7.20开始，不推荐使用查询缓存，并在MySQL 8.0中删除。</p>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">4-2-2 语法解析</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">因为客户端程序发送过来的请求只是一段文本而已，所以MySQL服务器程序首先要对这段文本做分析，判断请求的语法是否正确，然后从文本中将要查询的表、各种查询条件都提取出来放到MySQL服务器内部使用的一些数据结构上来。</p>
<h5 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 16px; color: #333;">4-2-3 查询优化</h5>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">优化的结果就是生成一个执行计划，这个执行计划表明了应该使用哪些索引进行查询，表之间的连接顺序是啥样的。我们可以使用EXPLAIN语句来查看某个语句的执行计划。</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">4-3 存储引擎</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">为了管理方便，人们把连接管理、查询缓存、语法解析、查询优化这些并不涉及真实数据存储的功能划分为MySQL server的功能，把真实存取数据的功能划分为存储引擎的功能。各种不同的存储引擎向上边的MySQL server层提供统一的调用接口（也就是存储引擎API），包含了几十个底层函数，像&quot;读取索引第一条内容&quot;、&quot;读取索引下一条内容&quot;、&quot;插入记录&quot;等等。所以在MySQL server完成了查询优化后，只需按照生成的执行计划调用底层存储引擎提供的API，获取到数据后返回给客户端就好了。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">存储引擎的一下基本操作：</strong></p>
<ol style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">查看当前服务器程序支持的存储引擎：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><em style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-style: italic;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SHOW ENGINES;</strong></em></p>
</li>
</ol>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">Support列表示该存储引擎是否可用</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">DEFAULT值代表是当前服务器程序的默认存储引擎</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">Comment列是对存储引擎的一个描述</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">Transactions列代表该存储引擎是否支持事务处理</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">XA列代表着该存储引擎是否支持分布式事务</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">Savepoints代表着该列是否支持部分事务回滚</li>
</ul>
<ol start="2" style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333; list-style-type: decimal;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">创建表时指定表的存引擎：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><em style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-style: italic;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">CREATE TABLE</strong></em> 表名(<br/>
建表语句;<br/>
) <em style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-style: italic;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">ENGINE = 存储引擎名称；</strong></em></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">修改表的存储引擎：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><em style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-style: italic;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">ALTER TABLE 表名 ENGINE = 存储引擎名称；</strong></em></p>
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<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">查看表结构（包含存储引擎）：</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><em style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-style: italic;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SHOW CREATE TABLE 表名\G；</strong></em></p>
</li>
</ol>
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